Understanding volcano communication needs over time: A case study from Aotearoa New Zealand

Volcano communication varies across time, and what is communicated depends on the phase of ‘activity’ in terms of whether a volcano is in quiescence, unrest, eruption, or post-eruption. Communication is also dependent on other contextual factors such as the nature and style of the volcano in question, the population at risk, the cultural context, and the coordinating agencies or partners involved.

We undertook a mixed-methods study investigating volcano communication in New Zealand across time, both in actual and potential situations. The first component of the study involved a literature review to identify past communication for different phases of volcanic activity. The review identified a wealth of communication literature about the quiescence phase followed by the eruption phase, but less so for unrest and post-eruption, and only partial focus on understanding decision-makers’ needs.

The review was followed by focus groups with the public and stakeholders, to determine what information is needed during different timeframes to aid decision- making. Discussions have shown (not unexpectantly) that levels of concern about volcanic activity increase during eruption phases and continue to stay high post eruption. However, the importance of information remains high throughout all phases (quiescence, unrest, eruption, and post eruption). The topics of information which are considered critical to any stage include information on: what the volcano is doing now and where to get more information should it be needed. Impact information is also highly regarded as critical during eruption phases. These findings will be integrated into GNS Science volcano monitoring group communications.